Bhaskaracharya 2, An ancient Indian Mathematician’s work should be incorporated into new research!

It is time for new research to be conducted on ancient Indian Vedic mathematics.

_{Math in India has its origins in Vedic literature, which dates back nearly four thousand years. Scholars like Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, Bhaskara II, and Varhamihira made important contributions during the classical period of Indian mathematics (400 CE to 1200 CE).
India was the first country to introduce the decimal number system, zero as a number, negative numbers, and arithmetic, algebra, and trigonometry, and these concepts spread throughout Asia and Europe. The writer of this article, Pankaj Jagannath Jayswal introduces Bhaskaracharya II, was an Indian mathematician, and astronomer who developed Brahmagupta’s number-system theory.
His work ‘Bijaganita’ (“Algebra”) has twelve chapters. In this text, the idea that a positive number has two square roots (a positive and a negative square root) was first introduced. A number of factors make Bhaskaracharya an important figure in the 12th century in terms of mathematical understanding. In Ujjain, he headed an astronomical observatory.}

Many western scientists and scholars have studied great Bharatiya philosophers, Rishis, Vedas, Upanishads, and the Bhagavad Gita to better understand science, mathematics, space, engineering, and medicine. However, Bharatiyas have been brainwashed to see great heritage as nothing more than a knowledge of lower dignity and shame. As a result, we, as Bharatiya, paid a high social and economic price and developed a slave mentality.

Werner Heisenberg, a German Physicist, once said…”After the conversations about Indian philosophy, some of the ideas of Quantum Physics that had seemed so crazy suddenly made much more sense…”
The German philosopher Gottfried von Herder once said, “Mankind’s origins can be traced to India where the human mind got the first shapes of wisdom and virtue.”
German Philosopher Schopenhauer writes in his monumental work ‘The World as Will and Representation’ — “In the whole world, there is no study so beneficial and so elevating as that of the Upanishads. It has been the solace of my life; it will be the solace of my death.”

Therefore, the knowledge of Upanishads is the jewel for all those who appreciate the universal hospitable culture of the Indian subcontinent. Also, those who want to get to know the pure knowledge of the world-view and cosmic existence.
Bhaskaracharya ll was one such great mathematician.

Bhaskara ll (c. 1114-1185), also known as Bhaskarcharya (“Bhaskara, the teacher”) and as Bhaskara II to avoid confusion with Bhaskara I, was a mathematician and astronomer from India. According to verses in his main work, Siddhanta Shiromani was born in 1114 in Vijjalavida in the Sahyadhri mountain range, near the town of Patan in the Western Ghats region of present-day Maharashtra.
He is the only ancient mathematician who has a monument dedicated to him. In addition, Colebrooke was the first European to translate Bhaskaracharya II’s mathematical classics into English (1817).
Bhaskara II leads a cosmic observatory in Ujjain, ancient India’s main mathematical center. Bhaskara and his works contributed significantly to 12th-century mathematical and astronomical knowledge. Read more at https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bhaskara_II/

Bhaskaracharya works

He has been described as medieval India’s greatest mathematician. His main work, Siddhanta-Shiromani (Sanskrit for “Crown of Treatises”), is divided into four parts known as Lilavati, Bijaganita, Grahaganita, and Goladhyaya, which are sometimes considered four independent works. These four sections cover arithmetic, algebra, planet mathematics, and sphere mathematics, in that order. He also wrote a treatise called “Karanakautuhala.” He was born in the Shaka era (1114 CE) in 1036 and wrote the Siddhanta-Shiromani when he was 36. When he was 69, he wrote another work called the Karanakautuhala (Calculation of Astronomical Wonders, in 1183). His works reflect the influence of Brahmagupta, Sridhara, Mahavira, Padmanabha, and other forefathers.
Lilavati

The first section, Lilavati (also known as patiganita or ankaganita), is named after his daughter and contains 277 verses. After that, calculations, progressions, measurements, permutations, and other topics are covered.

Bijaganita
There are 213 verses in the second section Bijaganita (Algebra). It covers zero, infinity, positive and negative numbers, and indeterminate equations such as (the now-famous) Pell’s equation, which is solved using the kuttaka method.
Grahaganita

While discussing the motion of planets in the third section of Grahagaita, he considered their instantaneous speeds. Finally, he arrived at an approximation: it has 451 verses.
Mathematics
Among Bhaskara’s mathematical contributions are the following:

• A Pythagorean theorem is proven by calculating the same area twice and then canceling out terms to get a2 + b2 = c2.
• Lilavati explains solutions to quadratic, cubic, and quartic indeterminate equations.
• Integer solutions of indeterminate quadratic equations (Kuttaka). The rules he gives are (in effect) the same as those provided by 17th-century Renaissance European mathematicians.
• For indeterminate equations of the form ax2 + bx + c = y, a cyclic Chakravala method is used. The solution to this equation was traditionally attributed to William Brouncker in 1657, though his method was more complex than the chakravala method.
• Bhaskara II presented the first general method for solving the problem x2 ny2 = 1 (so-called “Pell’s equation”).
• Second-order Diophantine equation solutions, such as 61×2 + 1 = y2. The French mathematician Pierre de Fermat posed this equation as a problem in 1657, but its solution was unknown in Europe until the time of Euler in the 18th century.
• He solved quadratic equations with multiple unknowns and discovered negative and irrational solutions.

Preliminary mathematical analysis concept.

Preliminary concept of infinitesimal calculus, along with notable contributions towards integral calculus.

Astronomy

Using an astronomical model developed by Brahmagupta in the 7th century, Bhaskara accurately defined many astronomical quantities, such as the length of the sidereal year and the time required for the Earth to orbit the Sun, as 365.2588 days, the same as in Surya Siddhanta. The modern accepted measurement is 365.25636 days, which is 3.5 minutes shorter.

It is time to study and respect these great people’s knowledge, which requires additional research to gain deeper insights that will benefit all.